Understanding Corruption in Iraq: A Theoretical Perspective

Abstract

This paper aims to improve our understanding of the causes of corruption using five theoretical frameworks: rational choice theory; principal-agent theory; rent-seeking theory; organisational culture theory; and situational context theory. These theories were chosen because they are the most frequently used theories in the literature on the causes of corruption. They are listed in this paper roughly on a continuum from the most individualistic explanation to the most social explanation. We use Iraq as a case study to test the applicability of these theories. Our finding is that none of the five theories provides in isolation a definitive explanation of the causes of corruption in Iraq, but each of them contributes some valuable insights into those causes. We conclude that the most satisfactory way to understand the causes of corruption in Iraq is to recognise that there are both individualistic and social factors at work, and of crucial importance is the interaction between them. In short, without corrupt individuals, there would be no corruption in Iraq; but without corrupt cultures, there would be few corrupt individuals.